Can you take the samfunnskunnskapsprøven in your own language?

Yes. The samfunnskunnskapsprøven is offered in 23 languages, and Norwegian is available in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, so that's 24 choices in total. It's one of the few things about the Norwegian system that's designed not to penalise you for being new.

The languages are Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Dari, English, French, Chinese (Mandarin), Kurdish (Sorani), Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk), Pashto, Persian (Farsi), Portuguese, Russian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Tigrinya, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu and Vietnamese. Several of them are also available with audio.

But the choice has a consequence

This is the part people miss, and it costs them an extra test years later.

If you take the test in Norwegian, it covers both permanent residence and the knowledge requirement for Norwegian citizenship.

If you take it in another language, it counts fully towards permanent residence, but not towards citizenship. If you apply for citizenship later, you'll need to take the statsborgerprøven (Norwegian citizenship test), and that's only available in Norwegian.

So what should you choose?

If your Norwegian is good enough that you'd pass in Norwegian, take it in Norwegian. Then you're done with both requirements at once.

If you're in doubt, take it in your own language. A failed test in Norwegian doesn't help you at all, and you can always take the statsborgerprøven later, once your Norwegian has improved anyway. Most people take several years between permanent residence and citizenship.

The statsborgerprøven doesn't have this choice

It's only available in Norwegian, in Bokmål and Nynorsk.